Endobronchial ultrasound: a minimally invasive technology to assist diagnosis of thoracic diseases / Ultrassonografia endobrônquica: tecnologia minimamente invasiva para auxiliar no diagnóstico de doenças torácicas

ABSTRACT The endobronchial ultrasound is a minimally invasive technique that simultaneously associates ultrasound and bronchoscopy, to visualize lung nodule or masses, airway wall, and structures adjacent to the tracheobronchial tree. Endobronchial ultrasound has been incorporated into clinical practice all over the world because of its low risk and high diagnostic yield in neoplastic and non-neoplastic disease.

RESUMO A ultrassonografia endobrônquica é uma técnica minimamente invasiva que associa simultaneamente broncoscopia à ultrassonografia, com a finalidade de visualizar nódulos ou massas pulmonares, paredes das vias aéreas, e estruturas ao redor de toda a árvore traqueobrônquica. A ultrassonografia endobrônquica foi incorporada à prática clínica em todo o mundo devido a seu baixo risco e elevado rendimento diagnóstico em doenças neoplásicas e não neoplásicas.

Manometria anorretal de alta resolução sob cateter de perfusão (MARAR): primeira experiência no Brasil / Water-perfused high-resolution anorectal manometry (hram-wp): the first brazilian study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: High resolution anorectal manometry (HRAM-WP) allows more simplified, objective, and uniform data acquisition and interpretation of the test results. OBJECTIVE: To validate a HRAM under water perfusion (Alacer Biomédica) with a 24-channel probe and to compare the results of anorectal manometry with other systems. METHODS: Individuals without critical evacuation disorders were selected. Patients with incontinence, anal surgery, dyssynergia or sphincter injury were excluded. The test was performed with an Alacer Biomédica 24 channel manometry system under water perfusion, with a probe configured with 6 levels of 4 radial channels, separated from each other by 0.8 mm. The mean pressures for the functional channel were determined, in states of rest (RMP), contention effort (CMP) and evacuation effort (EEMP). The pressure extension of the sphincter was also tabulated in cm. The results were compared with those available in recent literature. RESULTS: Fifty patients were studied (20 men; 30 women). Overall, the following results were obtained: the RMP was 76.9±3.0 mmHg, the CMP was 194.2±9.4 mmHg, and EEMP was 88.2±3.7 mmHg. When classified according to the gender, for men: RMP was 72.2±3.0 mmHg, CMP was 229.5±17 mmHg, and EEMP was 91.4±7.0. For women, RMP was 79.8±4.0 mmHg, CMP was 170.7±8, and EEMP was 86.1±4.3 mmHg. The sphincter gauge extension for both genders was 3.1±0.09 cm (men 3.3±0.1; women 3.0±0.1). DISCUSSION: Studying HRAM-WP has become much easier. Non-mobilization of the sensor causes less discomfort and artefacts with a lower assessment time. In this study, small differential values between both sexes during rest were observed, highlighting a greater containment force in men. No difference in sphincter extension was noted. The results of this study are consistent with that of existing reports and with those obtained using solid state probes. CONCLUSION: The perfusion system yielded results similar to that of solid state systems. Further studies to evaluate parameters with respect to pelvic dyssynergia and incontinence need to be conducted. Additionally, to determine if the vector volume can furnish new information in terms of functional and anatomical aspects.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Através da manometria anorretal de alta resolução (MARAR), a aquisição dos dados e a interpretação do exame tornaram-se mais simplificadas, objetivas e uniformes. OBJETIVO: Validar um sistema de MARAR sob perfusão de água (Alacer Biomédica), com sonda de 24 canais e comparar resultados dos exames de manometria anorretal com outros sistemas em trabalhos já publicados. MÉTODOS: Selecionados indivíduos sem distúrbio evacuatório importante. Excluídos pacientes com incontinência, cirurgia orificial, dissinergia, ou lesão esfincteriana. O exame foi realizado com sistema Alacer Biomédica de manometria sob perfusão de agua de 24 canais, com sonda configurada com 6 níveis de 4 canais radiais, distanciados entre si por 0,8 mm. Estabelecidas as pressões médias para o canal funcional, nos estados de repouso (PMR), no esforço de contenção (PMC) e no esforço evacuatório (PMEE). Também foi tabulada a extensão pressórica do esfíncter em cm. Comparou-se os resultados com os disponíveis em literatura recente. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 50 pacientes (20 masc; 30 fem). No geral, foram encontrados os seguintes resultados: a PMR foi de 76,9±3,0 mmHg; PMC foi de 194,2±9,4 mmHg e; PMEE foi de 88,2±3,7 mmHg. Quando divididos por sexo: sexo masculino: PMR 72,2±3,0 mmHg; PMC: 229,5±17 mmHg e; PMEE 91,4±7,0. Sexo feminino: PMR 79,8±4,0 mmHg; PMC: 170,7±8; PMEE 86,1±4,3 mmHg. A extensão manométrica para ambos os sexos foi de 3,1±0,09 cm (masc 3,3±0,1; fem 3,0±0,1). DISCUSSÃO: A realização do estudo da MARAR ficou muito facilitada. A não mobilização da sonda provoca menos desconforto e artefatos, com menor tempo de estudo. Em nossa série há valores diferenciais pequenos entre os sexos durante o repouso, destacando-se maior força de contenção no sexo masculino. Não houve diferença para a extensão do esfíncter. Em relação à comparação com os estudos já publicados, mesmo com sondas de solid state, há uma proximidade de valores. CONCLUSÃO: O sistema de perfusão utilizado permitiu reproduzir resultados similares a sistemas solid state. Resta estabelecer parâmetros em casos de dissinergia pélvica, incontinência e esclarecer se o estudo pelo vetor volume pode trazer novas informações nos aspectos funcional e anatômico.

Utilidad del ultrasonido endobronquial para el diagnóstico y etapificación del cáncer pulmonar / Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration

In the last years, several techniques have been developed to obtain a prompt diagnosis or rule out lung cancer. Endobronchial ultrasound- guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a minimally invasive procedure with a high diagnostic yield for mediastinal and central pulmonary lesions. This procedure is especially useful for lung cancer diagnosis and mediastinal staging. Two different types of EBUS are currently available: Radial EBUS and lineal EBUS. Each one has technical differences together with a range of clinical indications. The aim of this review is to discuss about EBUS-TBNA and its current clinical indications, evidence about the accuracy of the procedure for lung cancer diagnosis and staging, and evaluation of the pathological and molecular studies (EGFR, ALK, and ROS1) obtained through EBUS-TBNA and rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE).

Radial-probe EBUS for the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary lesions / Ecobroncoscopia radial para o diagnóstico de lesões pulmonares periféricas

ABSTRACT Objective: Conventional bronchoscopy has a low diagnostic yield for peripheral pulmonary lesions. Radial-probe EBUS employs a rotating ultrasound transducer at the end of a probe that is passed through the working channel of the bronchoscope. Radial-probe EBUS facilitates the localization of peripheral pulmonary nodules, thus increasing the diagnostic yield. The objective of this study was to present our initial experience using radial-probe EBUS in the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary lesions at a tertiary hospital. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 54 patients who underwent radial-probe EBUS-guided bronchoscopy for the investigation of pulmonary nodules or masses between February of 2012 and September of 2013. Radial-probe EBUS was performed with a flexible 20-MHz probe, which was passed through the working channel of the bronchoscope and advanced through the bronchus to the target lesion. For localization of the lesion and for collection procedures (bronchial brushing, transbronchial needle aspiration, and transbronchial biopsy), we used fluoroscopy. Results: Radial-probe EBUS identified 39 nodules (mean diameter, 1.9 ± 0.7 cm) and 19 masses (mean diameter, 4.1 ± 0.9 cm). The overall sensitivity of the method was 66.7% (79.5% and 25.0%, respectively, for lesions that were visible and not visible by radial-probe EBUS). Among the lesions that were visible by radial-probe EBUS, the sensitivity was 91.7% for masses and 74.1% for nodules. The complications were pneumothorax (in 3.7%) and bronchial bleeding, which was controlled bronchoscopically (in 9.3%). Conclusions: Radial-probe EBUS shows a good safety profile, a low complication rate, and high sensitivity for the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary lesions.

RESUMO Objetivo: A broncoscopia convencional possui baixo rendimento diagnóstico para lesões pulmonares periféricas. A ecobroncoscopia radial (EBUS radial) emprega um transdutor ultrassonográfico rotatório na extremidade de uma sonda que é inserida no canal de trabalho do broncoscópio. O EBUS radial facilita a localização de nódulos pulmonares periféricos, aumentando assim o rendimento diagnóstico. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar nossa experiência inicial com o uso de EBUS radial para o diagnóstico de lesões pulmonares periféricas em um hospital terciário. Métodos: Foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva de 54 pacientes submetidos à broncoscopia guiada por EBUS radial para a investigação de nódulos ou massas pulmonares entre fevereiro de 2012 e setembro de 2013. O EBUS radial foi realizado com uma sonda flexível de 20 MHz, que foi inserida no canal de trabalho do broncoscópio até chegar à lesão-alvo. A fluoroscopia foi usada para localizar a lesão e realizar procedimentos de coleta (escovado brônquico, aspiração transbrônquica com agulha e biópsia transbrônquica). Resultados: O EBUS radial identificou 39 nódulos (média de diâmetro: 1,9 ± 0,7 cm) e 19 massas (média de diâmetro: 4,1 ± 0,9 cm). A sensibilidade global do EBUS radial foi de 66,7% (79,5% para as lesões visíveis pelo método e 25% para as lesões não visíveis pelo método). Nas lesões visíveis pelo método, a sensibilidade foi de 91,7% para massas e de 74,1% para nódulos. As complicações foram pneumotórax (3,7%) e sangramento brônquico controlado broncoscopicamente (9,3%). Conclusões: O EBUS radial apresenta bom perfil de segurança, baixo índice de complicações e alta sensibilidade para o diagnóstico de lesões pulmonares periféricas.

Pancreatite aguda de etiologia desconhecida / Acute pancreatitis of unknown etiology

A pancreatite aguda (PA) é responsável por aproximadamente 210 mil hospitalizações por ano nos EUA, e cerca de 5% evoluem ao óbito. Após o primeiro episódio a conduta fundamental é identificar e tratar a causa, o que impedirá episódios recorrentes e mesmo a cronicidade da doença.

The acute pancreatitis (AP) is responsible for approximately 210,000 of hospitalizations in a year in USA, and about 5% lead to death. After the first episode, the mainly procedure to be adopted is to identify the cause of it and consequently treat it as well, which will block recurrent episodes and prevent that this ilness becomes chronic.

Utilidad de la ecografía endo anal mediante el uso de videoecoendoscopio con transductor rotatorio de 360 / Usefulness of endo-anal ultrasound through the use of videoechoendoscope with 360 rotary transducer

Introducción: La aparición de la ecografía endoanal 360º significó un cambio importante en la Coloproctología de los últimos 20 años.1 Ha ganado popularidad por ser mínimamente invasivo, indoloro y costo/efectivo si se compara con otros estudios por imágenes. Además, es habitualmente realizada por un Coloproctólogo y puede formar parte del examen en la consulta. Objetivo: Comunicar la experiencia de nuestro grupo en el diagnóstico de diferentes patologías anorrectales mediante la utilización del método. Población y métodos: Entre noviembre de 2010 y abril de 2014 realizamos 978 ecografías endoanales de 360º. Las variables analizadas fueron: estudios realizados según diagnósticos de sospecha; variación en la cantidad de estudios solicitados y realizados durante el periodo establecido; especialidad del médico que solicita el estudio. Resultados: En cuanto al diagnóstico sospechado por el médico derivante, de los 978 estudios, 422 (43,1%) correspondieron a fístulas perianales, 311 (31,79%) ecografías fueron realizadas por diagnóstico de incontinencia anal, 93 (9,5%) como evaluación esfinteriana preoperatoria, 48 (4,9%) por proctalgia crónica, 7 (0,71%) fístulas ano-recto-vaginales, y 20 (2,04%) por otras sospechas diagnósticas (disinergias del piso pelviano, control postoperatorio, etc.). En cuanto a la variación de la cantidad de estudios en el tiempo, se realizaron 8 procedimientos en 2010, 146 durante 2011, 254 en 2012, 402 ecografías en 2013 y 168 durante los primeros meses de 2014. En cuanto a la especialidad acreditada por los médicos que prescribieron el estudio, el 84,1% (823) correspondía a cirujanos colorrectales, el 6,64% (65) a cirujanos generales, el 3,6% (36) a gastroenterólogos, el 2,4% (24) a ginecólogos y el 2,04% (20) a otros. Fueron excluidas del presente trabajo las ecografías realizadas para estadificar o reestadificar los tumores del recto inferior y el ano (22 estudios)...

Background: The appeareance of the 360º endoanal ultrasonography as a diagnostic method an improvement for coloproctology in the last 20 years.(1) It has been gaining popularity in virtue of being minimally invasive, painless and cost/effective, especially when compared to other methods. Furthermore, it is mainly realized by coloproctologists, making it almost part of the physical exam at the consult. Objective: To communicate our experience at the diagnostic of different anorectal pathologies. Population and methods: Between November 2010 and April 2014, we performed 978 studies with the 360º endoanal ultrasound. All of the studies were done with the same equipment and by the same operator. We analyzed the followings variables: Studies performed according to different initials diagnostics; variation in the number of studies requested and performed during the 4 years period; specialty of the primary physician who requested the study. Results: From 978 studies performed, 422 (43,1%) correspond to fistula in ano, 311 (31,79%) to anal incontinence, 93 (9,5%) were done for preoperative evaluation of the anal sphincter, 48 (4,9%) for chronic anal pain, 7 (0,71%) for recto vaginal fistula, and 20 (2,04%) for other presumed diagnostics (pelvic floor dyssynergia, post operatory control). As regards to the variation of the number of studies requested during this 4 years period we found that during 2010 we performed 8 procedures, 146 during 2011, 254 in 2012, 402 in 2013 and 168 during the firsts months of 2014. In relation to the specialty of the primary physician who requested the study, 84,1% (823) were solicited by coloproctologists, 6,64% (65) by general surgeons, 3,6% (36) by gastroenterologists, 2,4% (24) by gynecologists, and 2,04% (20) by other specialists. Studies performed for rectal and anal tumors staging (22 studies...

Evaluation of the Feasibility and Efficacy of Forward-Viewing Endoscopic Ultrasound

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We aimed to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a forward-viewing linear endoscopic ultrasound (FV-EUS) in diagnostic EUS procedures compared to standard oblique-viewing EUS (OV-EUS). METHODS: This study was a prospective, randomized study that permitted crossover. Fifty-one patients with subepithelial pancreatobiliary and upper gastrointestinal lesions underwent FV-EUS and OV-EUS sequentially, in random order. The EUS visualization was performed by a novice endosonographer, and the image quality of specific lesions was scored by an expert endosonographer. If fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was indicated, it was performed using both echoendoscopes by an expert endosonographer. RESULTS: Both of the EUS procedures had similar visualization times and image quality. In general, the visualization time was inversely related to the diameter of the specific lesions. In subepithelial lesions of the stomach and duodenum, the visualization time (98.8+/-62.2 seconds vs 139.0+/-66.6 seconds, p=0.008) and image quality (4.1+/-1.3 vs 3.3+/-1.7, p=0.02) of FV-EUS were significantly superior to OV-EUS. FV-EUS-guided FNA of pancreatic masses was successful in seven patients (87.5%). CONCLUSIONS: FV-EUS may increase the ease of access to gastrointestinal subepithelial lesions compared to conventional OV-EUS. The performance of FV-EUS for evaluating pancreatobiliary diseases and performing interventions was comparable to conventional OV-EUS.

Role of Balloon-Sheathed Intraductal Ultrasonography for Patients with Extensive Pneumobilia

Intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) is one of the most useful diagnostic tools for various extrahepatic biliary diseases. However, conventional IDUS has some limitations in providing accurate cross-sectional imaging of the bile duct in patients with extensive pneumobilia. Using a balloon-sheathed catheter, the US system (balloon-sheathed IDUS) can overcome these limitations. Sixteen patients underwent balloon-sheathed IDUS during endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. The balloon-sheathed IDUS was inserted via a transpapillary route when visualization of the bile duct with conventional IDUS was distorted by extensive pneumobilia. The patient group had a mean age of 65.5 years, and 56.3% (9/16) were male. The balloon-sheathed IDUS permitted successful visualization of the bile duct in all patients, regardless of the extent of pneumobilia. Using this system, remnant common bile duct stones were detected in five patients (31.3%), and cholangiocarcinoma was detected in one patient (6.3%). The balloon-sheath IDUS aided in stone sweeping. No significant complications, including bleeding, perforation, or pancreatitis, occurred in any of the patients. The balloon-sheathed catheter US system was useful and safe for biliary IDUS in patients with extensive pneumobilia.

Ecografía endoanal 360º en la evaluación diagnóstica de las fístulas perianales. Correlación entre el informe ecográfico y el hallazgo quirúrgico. Nuestra experiencia / Endoanal 360º ultrasound in the diagnostic evaluation of perianal fistulas. Correlation between ultraasound and surgical finding report. Our experience

Antecedentes: desde que en 1989 Law y Bartram publicaran su primer trabajo sobre las fístulas perianales y su identificación por ultrasonido con un transductor rotatorio, la ecografía endoanal de 360º se ha revelado como una herramienta esencial en el estudio de la patología del canal anal y del recto, habiendo contribuido enormemente tanto en el diagnóstico como en la orientación terapéutica. Objetivo: comunicar nuestra experiencia en el diagnóstico de fístulas perianales con ecografía endoanal de 360º, y su correlación con el hallazgo quirúrgico. Pacientes y Métodos: entre Noviembre de 2010 y Octubre de 2012 se realizaron 168 estudios con diagnóstico de fístula perianal. Las variables analizadas fueron: 1) localización del trayecto por cuadrante; 2) localización según clasificación de Parks; 3) detección del orificio interno; 4) detección de patología asociada. Resultados: Localización por cuadrantes, se informó en todos de los casos. Localización según clasificación de Parks: 138 interesfintéricas (82,1%), 16 transesfintéricas (9,5%), 1 supraesfintérica (0,5%) y 1 extraesfintérica (0,5%). Se localizó el orificio interno fistuloso en 140 pacientes (83,33%). En cuanto a la correlación con la cirugía: en 103 casos (95,37%) informó la localización del orificio interno fistuloso. 1) 100% de concordancia en localización por cuadrantes, 2) localización según Parks acuerdo en 73 pacientes (67,6%),3) localización del orificio interno: correlación en 91 pacientes (88,34%). Conclusiones: la ecografía endoanal con transductor rotatorio de 360º es un método eficaz, accesible, barato, inocuo y casi sin contraindicaciones. Presenta alta tasa de detección del orificio interno fistuloso y podría ser muy útil en el planeamiento quirúrgico de una patología benigna difícil de tratar como la fístula perianal.

Background: since 1989 when Dr. Law and Bartman published their first article about fistula-in-ano and the diagnosis with a rotator ultrasound probe, the 360° endoanal ultrasonography has become an essential tool in the study of the rectum and the anal canal pathology, having contributed enormously in both the diagnosis and the therapeutic decisions. Purpose: to communicate our experience in diagnosis of fistula-in-ano with 360° endoanal US and its correlation with intraoperative findings. Patients and Methods: we analyzed 168 cases of perianal fistula diagnosed between November 2010 and October 2012. The analyzed variables in the first part of the study were: 1) quadrant localization of the fistula track/s; 2) localization according to Parks classification; 3) localization of the internal opening. The intraoperative results analized: 1) quadrant localization; 2) localization according to Parks classification; 3) localization of the internal opening. Results: 1) quadrant localization: achieved in all patients studied (100%). 2) Parks classification 138 inter-sphinteric (82,1%), 16 transphinteric (9,5%), 1 suprasphinteric (0,5%) and 1 extrasphinteric (0,5%). 3) we diagnosed the internal opening in 140 cases (83,33%). Correlation between US and surgery: 108 (64,28%) patiens have underwent surgical treatment. From them, we diagnosed in 103 cases (95.37%) the internal opening. 1) quadrant localization: 100% concordance between US and surgery, 2) Parks classification concordance achieved in 73 patients (76,6%), 3) localization of the internal opening correlation in 91 cases (88,34%). Conclusions: the 360° endoanal US with rotatory probe is an effective, accessible, low-cost, harmless, and rarely contraindicated method. It has a high rate of success identifying the internal opening and could become very usefull for planning the surgical strategy of a benign pathology difficult to treat as the fistula-in-ano.

Balón intragástrico: una alternativa endoscópica en el tratamiento de la obesidad / Intragastric balloon: an endoscopic alternative in the treatment of obesity

El balón intragástrico bioenteric (BIB) es un procedimiento endoscópico, no quirúrgico indicado para el tratamiento temporal de la obesidad, que favorece la disminución de la capacidad gástrica, ocupando gran parte del fundus. Analizar la eficacia a corto plazo, seguridad y tolerabilidad del balón intragástrico en el tratamiento de la obesidad. Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y longitudinal, de abril 2005 hasta abril 2009, 141 pacientes, 121 mujeres, 20 hombres, 5 fueron segundo balón, 4 mujeres y 1 hombre, con un total de 146 balones colocados; con edad promedio de 37.2 en mujeres y 35,23 en hombres, con un rango desde 16 hasta 69 años y un tiempo promedio de duración del balón 6,94 meses. El peso promedio al inicio fue de 96.34 y al final de 82.01 kg, con una diferencia de 14.33 kg. En cuanto al Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), el cambio observado fue un grado de diferencia, pasando de obesidad grado II a obesidad grado I. El valor promedio al inicio fue de 36.37 kg/m2 y al final 30.95 kg/m2. El promedio de grasa al inicio 40,97 Kg (42.55%) y al final 30.82 kg (36.63%). La co-morbilidad más frecuente fue: hiperinsulinismo 67(45.89%) dislipidemia 37(25.34%), hipertensión arterial 19 (13.01%). No hubo complicaciones severas. El BIB es un método endoscópico seguro y eficaz en el tratamiento de la obesidad...

The bioenterics intragastric balloon (BIB) is a non-surgical endoscopic procedure indicated for the temporary treatment of obesity, which subserves the reduction of gastric capacity, occupying most of the fundus. To analyze the short-term effi ciency, safety and tolerability of the intragastric balloon in the treatment of obesity. Retrospective, descriptive and longitudinal study, from April, 2005 to April, 2009. 141 patients, 121 women, 20 men; 146 BIB, 5 were second BIB, 4 women and 1 man; with an average age of 37.2 forwomen and 35,23 formen, with a range from 16-69 years and an average period of 6.94 months duration of the balloon. The average weight at the beginning was 96.34 kg and at the end 82.01 kg, with a difference of 14.33 kg. As for the Body mass index (BMI), the observed change was a 1 degree difference, passing from obesity degree II to obesity degree I. The average value at the beginning was 36.37 kg/m2 and at the end 30.95 kg/m2. The average of body fat at the beginning was 40,97 Kg (42.55%) and at the end of our study was 30.82 kg (36.63%). The most frequent comorbidity was: hyperinsulinism 67 (46.89%), dyslipidemia 37 (25.34%), hypertension 19 (13.01). There were no severe complications. BIB is a safe and effective endoscopic method in the treatment of obesity...

Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine-needle aspiration core biopsy: comparison between an automatic biopsy device and two conventional needle systems / Biopsia tecidual con aguja fina guiada por ultrasonido endoscópico: comparación entre un dispositivo automático de la biopsia y dos sistemas de agujas convencionales

BACKGROUND: endoscopic ultrasound guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) allows cytologic and/or histologic diagnosis of lesions within or adjacent to the gastrointestinal tract. However, the amount of tissue obtained with a regular 22 gauge needle is not always satisfactory. With the development of a needle XNA-10J-KB (Shot-Gun) that resembles the automatic liver biopsy needle, it is expected that significant samples be obtained more frequently (core biopsy), optimizing histological analysis. OBJECTIVE: to compare samples obtained with EUS-FNA using 3 different needle systems: GIP, NA-10J-1 and Shot-Gun. METHODS: 19 patients underwent EUS-FNA for diagnosis (5) or tumor staging (14). Mean age was 58.9 years (range 27-82), being 50% men. All patients were submitted to EUS-FNA with the 3 needle models. The Shot-Gun model was "shot" when its tip was near the target inside the lesion, followed by aspiration. Samples were submitted for cytologic and histologic examination. RESULTS: mean lesion size was 3.0 cm (range 0.8-5.5 cm). Final diagnoses were made after surgery or intra-operative biopsy: 13 pancreatic tumors (12 adenocarcinomas and 1 neuroendocrine tumor), 4 chronic pancreatitis, 1 acute pancreatitis, and 1 cholangiocarcinoma. Specimens adequate for cytologic diagnosis were obtained in 13/19 (68. 4%) patients using GIP model, in 14/19 (73.7%) with NA10J-1 model, and in 17/19 (89.5%) with ShotGun, model (p=0.039). Histologic analysis was possible in 10/19 (52.6%) patients using the GIP model, in 14/19 (73.7%) with NA10J-1, and in 17/19 (89.5%) with Shot-Gun, model (p=0.005). Adequate samples for cytologic or histologic assessment in 16/19 (84.2%) patients using the GIP model, in 17/19 (89.5%) with NA10J-1, and in 18/19 (94.7%) with Shot-Gun, model (p=0.223). In two cases biopsies were negative due to very hard tumors. CONCLUSION: the Shot-Gun needle obtained better samples for histological diagnosis than NA10J-1 needle and GIP.

Introducción: la ecografía endoscópica asociada a la punción guiada con aguja fina (EUS-FNA) permite el examen citológico y/o diagnóstico histológico de las lesiones dentro o junto al tracto gastrointestinal. Sin embargo, la cantidad de tejido obtenido con una aguja de calibre 22 G no es siempre satisfactoria. Con el desarrollo de una aguja XNA-10J-KB (Shot-Gun®) que seasemeja a la biopsia hepática automática como una aguja especial, se espera que se obtengan muestras importantes con más frecuencia permitindo optimizar el mejor análisis histopatológico. Objetivo: comparar lasmuestras obtenidas con EUS-FNA con 3 diferentes sistemas de aguja: GIP ®, NA-10J-1 ® y Shot-Gun ®. Métodos: 19 pacientes fueron sometidos a EUS-FNApara el diagnóstico (5) para el análisis de las etapas del tumor (14). La edad media fue de 58,9 años (rango 27-82), siendo el 50% hombres. Todos los pacientes fueron sometidos a EUS-FNA con los 3 modelos de aguja. Del Shot-Gun ® fue "disparada" su punta cuandoestaba cerca de la meta en el interior de la lesión, seguida de aspiración. Las muestras se sometieron a examencitológico e histológico. Resultados: el promedio de tamaño de la lesión fue de 3,0 cm (rango 0,8-5,5 cm). Los diagnósticos definitivos fueron hechos después de la cirugía o la biopsia intra-operatoria: 13 tumores de páncreas (12 adenocarcinomas y 1 tumor neuroendócrino), 4 de pancreatitis crónica, 1 de pancreatitis aguda, y 1 de colangiocarcinoma. Las muestras adecuadas para el diagnóstico citológico se obtuvieron en 13/19 (68,4%) pacientes que utilizan GIP ®, en 14/19 (73,7%) con NA10J-1 ®, y en 17/19 (89,5%) con Shot-Gun® (p = 0,039). El análisis histológico fue posible en 10/19 (52,6%) pacientes que utilizan elGIP®, en 14/19 (73,7%) con NA10J-1 ®, y en 17/19 (89,5%) con Shot-Gun® (p = 0,005). Suficientes muestras para citológico o histológico de evaluación en16/19 (84,2%) pacientes que utilizan el modelo GIP ®, en 17/19 (89,5%) con NA10J-1 ®...

Rol de la endosonografía en el cáncer gástrico / Role of the endosonography in the gastric cancer

El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar la utilidad de la endosonografía (ESG) en la etapificación del cáncer gástrico, evaluando la profundidad de invasión parietal y el compromiso linfático, comparando los resultados con el informe histopatológico (HP). Desde septiembre 1994 - mayo 1999 se realizó ESG a 20 pacientes en estudio por cáncer gástrico, los que finalmente fueron sometidos a cirugía resectiva. Las veinte ESG fueron realizadas por el mismo operador, para ello se utilizó Endosonógrafo Olympus EUS de 7.5 Mhz con 360º visión. El compromiso en profundidad de la lesión tumoral y el compromiso linfático se clasificaron de acuerdo a TNM de IUCC. En cuanto a la localización se alcanza correlación de 100 por ciento con el estudio HP; cinco cardial (25 por ciento), once en región corporal (55 por ciento) y los cuatro restantes en la región antral (20 por ciento). Al determinar profundidad de invasión la concordancia global es 70 por ciento; siendo 55 por ciento para T1. 60 por ciento para T2 y 100 por ciento para T3. En la evaluación del compromiso linfático,la concordancia es 85 por ciento para N0, 60 por ciento para N1 y 100 por ciento para N2, presentando sensibilidad 71 por ciento, especificidad 85 por ciento, valor predictivo positivo 71 por ciento y valor predictivo negativo 85 por ciento, obteniendo una concordancia global del 80 por ciento con el estudio HP

Evaluación ultrasonográfica endorrectal: vía alternativa de exploración en pacientes sin vida sexual / Ultrasonographic transrectal evaluation: alternative exploration way for patients without sexual life

Se estudiaron en forma prospectiva 103 pacientes con el fin de evaluar la utilidad de la aplicación del ultrasonido vía endorrectal, en un grupo de pacientes pediátricas y adultas, con himen intacto. Todas ellas fueron sometidas a examen físico general y ginecológico previo al procedimiento y consistieron ingresar al estudio. El rango de edad varió entre 5-90 (51 menores de 20 años). En 69 pacientes se encontró alguna anormalidad en la exploración. Nuestros resultados demuestran que esta técnica es rápida, efectiva y bien tolerada; permitió una excelente caracterización y definición de los órganos genitales internos. Debe ser considerada como herramienta válida para la ultrasonográfica de la paciente con himen intacto